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发表于 2007-12-31 20:29:47
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GERUNDS
Gerunds 就是加 ing 。和 Present Participle 很像。没有必要把它们分开来，把两者当成一者来读。 把 Gerunds 和 Present Participle 当成一者来读。
(1) 什么是 Gerunds？就是加 ing 。它的用法就是用得像“名词”一样。怎么像名词呢？
比如
China is a big country.
Smoking is bad for you.
看看这两个的句子结构，China 和 Smoking 都是名词。这就是为什么我说，它的用法就像名词一样。
Example
(a) Swimming in the sea can be dangerous.
(b) Writing poetry keeps him busy during his leisure.
(c) Drinking too much liquor is not good for your heath.
像这一类型的句子， Swimming in the sea can be dangerous. 你也可以说
It can be dangerous to swim in the sea.。看你自己要选哪一种方式来讲，你自己喜欢。
可是你不可以说 To swim in the sea can be dangerous.。因为 To swim 不能成为 名词。
可是你可以说
To swim in the sea, you have to be careful.
To tell the truth, I love you.
To begin with, he is too young.
To be frank with you, he is a liar.
为什么 To swim in the sea can be dangerous （错）
To swim in the sea, you have to be careful. （对）
因为 To swim in the sea, you have to be careful. 这个句子前面的部分要的是动词。而 To swim in the sea 是动词。所以放在这里就对了。
可是 To swim in the sea can be dangerous这个句子前面要的是名词，所以 To swim 就错了。
那么怎么分辨哪个句子对或错？
这些动词的句子，中间都有一个逗号。而且，逗号过后第一个字，就是 you, he, she, I, we, they, you,John。它们是由两个短句组成的。
这就是这一类型的句子的特征了。在这种前面部分是动词的句子，你可以用 To。
To swim in the sea, you have to be careful.
To tell the truth, I love you.
To begin with, he is too young.
To be frank with you, he is a liar.
而这种是名词的句子，它们是没有逗号，而且是一个句子而已。不像上面的它们是由两个短句组成的。
(a) Swimming in the sea can be dangerous.
(b) Writing poetry keeps him busy during his leisure.
(c) Drinking too much liquor is not good for your heath.
………………………………………………………………………………………
(2) 有的 to 的后面用 ing。因为这些 to 是preposition。不是刚才所教过的 infinitive 。
可是我们的英语尚浅，要我们去分辨哪一个 to 是 preposition 或是 infinitive，简直难如登天，不用紧，我们把这几个字背起来就可以了。只要看到它们，在 to 后面就用 ing 。
(a) look forward to
(b) be used to ( be = is, am, are, was, were,..)
(c) The key to
Example,
(a) I look forward to meeting you.
(b) I am used to living here.
(c) The key to learning English is reading.
注意：be used to 和 used to 的分别
I am used to (playing) football. （我习惯玩足球）
I used to (play) football. （我过去习惯玩足球）
………………………………………………………………………………………
(3) Preposition 后面用 ing . Preposition = in, on, at, from, of, ...
(a) My sister is interested in learning how to knit.
(b) She was sorry for losing my book.
(c) They are fond of fishing at the lake.
(d) He bought the shirt without trying on.
(4) 有些字后面一定要用 ing 。这个要背了。讲错的话，在这些字后面加上 to 的话，马上就会被人认为英文很差了。
(a) He doesn’t (mind) being reminded of his past mistakes.
(b) Those boys (enjoy) teasing girls.
(c) He (finished) painting the picture in an hour.
(d) She (kept) interrupting our conversation.
好了，GERUNDS， INFINITIVE， PARTICPLE 全部学完。
_______________________________________________________________
PARTICPLE，补充。
要开始 Participle 之前，我要先解释 Pronouns ，以便在接下来的解释中比较容易进行。
Pronouns 有三种（不需要背下来，只需要知道它们都是 Pronouns 就行了）：
第一种：He, She, It, I you, we, they, my father, John, ..
第二种：me, them, her, him, it, us, his cat, the ball, ..
第三种：mine, theirs, hers, his, ours,....
………………………………………………………………………………………
(1) 加 Pronouns
本来我们前面学的句子是这样的
Having no more to say, the meeting was closed.
现在的句子
(Nobody) having anymore to say, the meeting was closed.
尤其是英文报，它们最喜欢用这样的句子。
Example,
(a) (Nobody) having anymore to say, the meeting was closed.
(b) (All the money) having been spent, we started looking for work.
(c) A little girl walked past, (her doll) dragging behind her on the pavement.
(d) (Hands) held high, the dancers circle to the right.
(2) 加 preposition (on, in, at,..) 和 conjunction (when, before,..)
有些 Participle 的句子难以辨别其所表示的意思，加上 Preposition 和 conjunction 是为了更明确地表示 Participle 的句子的意思。
(a) (While fighting) in Korea, he was taken prisoner.
(b) He rarely makes mistakes (when writing) French.
(c) He will do it (if properly encouraged).
(d) (Though coming) home again, he was not happy.
(e) (On being) introduced, British people always shake hands.
(f) (After talking) to you, I always feel better.
(3) 含有 Participle 的 Idioms
Idioms 是惯用语的意思，什么是惯用语？惯用语就是通俗的用语，比较没有那么严肃，比较通俗易懂的。比方说，在我们华文，有“祝融肆虐”，“回禄之灾”，可是谁听得懂呢？你说“着火了”，“失火了”，每个人马上爬起来逃命。
Idioms:
face to face
time and time again
have a good time
look after
give up
carry on
有 Participle 的 Idioms（不用背，知道就好了）：
Generally speaking （一般而言）
Strictly speaking （严格的说来）
Judging from （由～看来或判断）
Frankly speaking （坦白的说）
Speaking (or talking) of （说到；谈到）
Considering （就～而论）
Take it for granted that （视为理所当然）
Provided that （假如）
Granted that （假定，即使）
Seeing that （既然，因为）
Roughly speaking （约略的说）
(a) Generally speaking, man is stronger than woman. （男人比女人强壮）
(b) Strictly speaking, he is not an artist.（严格的说来，他不是艺术家）
(c) Judging from this fact, he must be an honest man. （由这事实来判断，他必定是一位诚实的人）
(d) Frankly speaking, I don’t like her at all. （坦白的说，我一点也不喜欢她）
(e) Speaking (or Talking) of sports, I prefer baseball to tennis. （说起运动，我喜爱棒球胜过网球）
(4) Participle 做为 Object 的用法，（ Object ＝后面的主角。I want to give him my car.。him 就是 object.）
I will have him repair my car.
I will have my car repaired by him.
I will get him to repair my car.
I will get my car repaired by him.
I want (or wish) you to finish it by tomorrow.
I want (or wish) it finished by you tomorrow.
(5) 刚才我们在 Infinitives 和 participle 读到的
To tell the truth（说实话）
Frankly speaking（坦白的说）
它们有什么不同？
To tell the truth 或者凡是由 to 开头的句子，讲这种句子的人会比较急，情绪情况比较紧急紧张，所以在急时候人们会选用这个句子。
Frankly speaking 是比较轻松的，人们一面在喝茶一面吃茶点聊天八卦的时候，就用这种 ing 的句子。
～END～
INFINIVIES, GERUNDS, PARTICIPLE 正式完毕。
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